ASL is primarily used by the culturally Deaf* community in the United States and parts of Canada, but it is also used in numerous countries around the world. Most countries have their own sign language. Russian Sign Language, Japanese Sign Language, and French Sign Language are few of the many examples. While these signed languages differ to some degree in lexicon and syntax, because they are all visual languages, many similarities can be detected. Classifiers used in visual languages, which are akin to pronouns in spoken languages, are most noted when similarities are analyzed.
*The uppercase D alludes to individuals who are culturally Deaf and utilize ASL as their primary language. The lowercase d represents individuals who might use a form of sign language other than ASL or do not use sign language at all, and typically, are not members of the Deaf community.
While there are some commonalities between ASL and English (such as vocabulary), ASL has its own syntax that differs greatly from the latter. From a linguistic perspective, ASL is unique because it requires very specific facial expressions to convey the grammar of the language, which give context and meaning to its particular lexical body, the signed vocabulary. Unlike spoken language, ASL is not structured around voice usage. Instead, it is a fully grammatically structured visual (rather than auditory) language. It is also one of only a handful of languages in the world that have no written form.
How do D/deaf people prefer to communicate? Keep in mind that the D/deaf community is remarkably diverse, and this is often overlooked when stereotypes are projected. Not everyone in the community is alike and has the same preferences be it communication-related or otherwise. With these said, the best practice would be to ASK the D/deaf individual instead of reverting to stereotypical assumptions. It is also best to avoid relying on other non- D/deaf individuals to provide information on communication preferences.
Interact as you would normally interact with other individuals Speak to the D/deaf person directly and the interpreter will translate. Interpreters relay information without being active participants in the conversations that take place. They do so in first-person language. For this reason, using phrases like “tell him/her….” is inappropriate. Additionally, maintaining eye contact is highly valued in Deaf culture, and doing so when communicating with D/deaf individuals is not only the norm but expected. As for greeting formalities or exchanging pleasantries such as shaking hands, these do not differ much in Deaf culture. Hugging is part of the Deaf culture etiquette, but it is typically observed after regular rapport or relationships with others have developed over time.
Due to the difference in syntax between English and ASL, discussions processed by ASL interpreters, especially complex discussions, require additional time when compared to direct communication. With a large number of participants involved, and/or a quicker pace of discussion, attempting to manage the interpretation process can be challenging or even futile, especially if excited or heated discussions ensue. It also becomes extremely difficult for Deaf participants to follow who is making which comments. It will be helpful to consider timely pauses to allow the interpreter(s) to catch up. Also, if you are a fast talker, it would be very helpful to speak at a slower pace.
Interpreters play a crucial role in facilitating communication between individuals who do not share a common language. Beyond merely transferring words, interpreters also serve as cultural mediators, ensuring effective communication access and mutual understanding. This encompasses various aspects such as non-verbal cues, facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice. These efforts collectively guarantee accessibility to all conveyed messages, even those with subtle nuances.
While it is typically misperceived that interpreters are provided for the Deaf faculty on campus to have access to their hearing colleagues and students, interpreters provide the same accommodation to the hearing members of IU to engage with the knowledge, expertise, and fellowship of their Deaf colleagues and instructors.
It is important to remember that the work of the interpreter does not happen in isolation. In reality, communication is a collaborative process where interpreters work alongside all parties to co-create mutual understanding and shape the interaction. The interpreter facilitates communication by providing context, clarifications, and adapting their approach based on the dynamics of the interaction. Their expertise helps to ensure precise language transfer, uphold cultural intricacies, and convey nuanced expressions. Their contributions help you maintain the natural flow of dialogue, aiding all participants in understanding and engagement. Acknowledging interpreters as integral collaborators with you in the dialogue enhances the communication experience and fosters comprehensive mutual understanding. This ensures that your conversation transcends language barriers and builds relationships that might otherwise be hindered by miscommunication.
Communicating via an interpreter do's and don’ts
Do's:
Speak directly to the Deaf person: Address the Deaf person directly, not the interpreter. Maintain eye contact and speak naturally, with occasional pauses if needed.
Give the interpreter context: Provide general information about the subject of the conversation, the context, and any specialized vocabulary to ensure accurate interpretation. Provide copies of any outlines, notes, remarks, or slide decks to interpreters well in advance so they are familiar with the content being discussed.
Expect interruptions and corrections: The interpretation process is not always perfect (far from it!). Interpreters often ask for clarification and will correct their work as they go. They strive to be transparent when a mistake is made and rely on the Deaf and hearing participants to help them if something is inaccurate. If you know an interpreter is ‘off the mark’ feel free to help correct the miscommunication.
Be patient and respectful: Give the Deaf person ample time to respond. Interpreted conversations might take longer due to the extra step of interpretation. Communication through an interpreter may take longer than direct communication. Be patient and show respect by allowing the conversation to unfold naturally.
Speak at a moderate pace: Speak at a pace that is comfortable for both the interpreter and the Deaf person. Avoid speaking too fast, which can make accurate interpretation challenging.
Monitor your volume and clarity: Ensure your speech is loud enough for the interpreter to hear you. Keep in mind some Deaf individuals have some hearing and may also be listening. However, do not speak louder than you normally would. Speak clearly for the interpreter without exaggerating your lip movements.
Be aware of jargon: Speak clearly and use straightforward language. While the Deaf person may know specific jargon used in your workplace or setting, the interpreter may need more information to provide an accurate interpretation. Don’t avoid using specific acronyms or words but expect to repeat or clarify them for the interpreter.
Engage the Deaf person: Include the Deaf person in group conversations and social interactions. Often, this means asking the interpreter to help initiate a conversation. Remember, you are mutually receiving the accommodation and the interpreters are there for you too! Feel free to engage them in making a connection with your Deaf colleagues.
Don'ts:
Don’t assume the interpreter is only for the Deaf person: In any interpreted conversation, the interpreter is providing access to both parties equally. Both the hearing and Deaf participants benefit from the accommodation provided via the interpreter.
Don't overwhelm with information: Avoid delivering too much information at once. Give the interpreter time to convey each segment of the conversation before moving on. However, you do not need to speak unnaturally. The interpreter will tell you if they need you to slow down.
Don't rush: Avoid rushing through your speech. Speaking too quickly can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations.
Don't interrupt: Allow the interpreter to finish speaking/signing before you respond. Interrupting can disrupt mutual understanding. Allow the interpreter to manage the flow of communication and follow their cues.
Don't use side conversations: Refrain from having side conversations with the interpreter or other English users during the interaction. The interpreter can only interpret one conversation at a time. Maintain focus on the deaf person and the interpreted conversation.
Don't assume hearing abilities or cultural affiliation: Never assume a Deaf person's level of hearing or their membership in the Deaf community. For D/deaf individuals, their hearing status doesn't define their cultural identity. Many culturally Deaf people use communication tools such as speech and speechreading, hearing aids, cochlear implants, and a variety of signing systems. Regardless, their cultural affiliation is often shaped by their use of sign language, engagement with the Deaf community, and shared experiences within a linguistic and cultural framework that values visual communication. If you are communicating with someone who speaks for themselves or uses hearing aids or a cochlear implant, communication through the interpreter should still be prioritized unless they state otherwise.
Don’t cover your face: Avoid covering your mouth or face while speaking. Deaf people rely on facial expressions to get a full understanding of the communication in addition to the message conveyed through the interpreter.
Don't avoid eye contact: Maintain natural eye contact with the deaf person. Avoid looking only at the interpreter, as this excludes the Deaf person.
Prepared by: Rob Loveless, Senior Lecturer, American Sign Language Program (IUB) Emma Loveland, Staff Interpreter, American Sign Language Program (IUB) Pamela Patton-Richards, Staff Interpreter, American Sign Language Program (IUB)
